Guide to Earthing and Bonding for AC Electrified Railways, Edition 2022 (PDF)

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About the book:

Publisher: IET

Author (s): S.K. Porter-Brooks 

Pages: 274

Edition: 2022

Language: English

Size: 141Mb

9781839536472

Content:

Acknowledgements 7

Section 1 Introduction 9

Section 2 AC electrification distribution system

2.1 AC railway electrification 1 1

2.2 AC railway electric traction system voltages 1 1

2.3 AC feeder switching station 13

2.4 Traction return circuit 16

2.5 Overhead contact line sectioning and phase separation 17

2.6 Single-phase AC overhead electrification system 20

2.7 Autotransformer feeding and distribution system 27

Section 3 Mass of Earth as part of a traction return circuit 39

3.1 Mass of Earth 39

3.2 Statutory legislation 39

3.3 Elements of the earthed AC earthed railway 40

3.4 Electrical characteristics of conductors and structures 41

3.5 Traction earth return systems 47

3.6 Traction earth return system - electromagnetic field 54

3.7 Modelling AC railway electrification systems 58

3.8 Electromagnetic interference to non-traction systems 61

3.9 Electrostatic interference 67

3.10 Pipeline electromagnetic interference 70

3.11 Conductive interference due to AC return currents in the ground 71

Section 4 Traction return requirements and circuit configuration 77

4.1 Earthing of AC electrified railways 77

4.2 Earthing and bonding of the traction return circuit 77

4.3 Design requirements for the traction return system 80

4.4 Traction return circuit conductors 82

4.5 Traction power system modelling - conductor current rating 85

4.6 Traction return bonding 86

4.7 Traction return circuit configuration 87

4.8 Criteria of the failure modes for LV systems 89

Section 5 Protection against electric shock 91

5.1 Fundamental objective 91

5.2 Electric shock and hazardous-live-parts 92

5.3 Touch, step, mesh and transfer voltage 93

5.4 Nature of electric shock: physiological effects 95

5.5 The electric shock model 96

5.6 Maximum permissible body current 97

5.7 Human body impedance 98

5.8 Permissible effective touch voltages 101

5.9 Comparison across standards applicable to high-voltage systems 105

5.10 Protective measures and protective provisions 108

5.1 1 Application of protective measures and protective provisions to an AC electric railway 111

Section 6 Electrification system assets excluding the traction return 117

6.1 Non-traction return assets 117

6.2 The overhead contact line system 117

6.3 25 kV cables 122

6.4 Switching stations 127

6.5 Feeder switching stations and substations 135

Section 7 Assets not part of the electric traction system 139

7.1 Civil and structural assets 139

7.2 Non-traction power systems 150

Section 8 System measurements 159

8.1 The need for system measurements 159

8.2 Limitations of system measurements 159

8.3 Scope of this Section 160

8.4 Description of measurements 160

Section 9 Lightning protection for railway structures 175

9.1 Lightning phenomena 125

9.2 Characteristics of a lightning strike 175

9.3 Lightning damage, danger, disturbance and disruption 179

9.4 Lightning strikes to railway electrification structures 180

9.5 Lightning protective provisions 184

9.6 Lightning protection for HV equipment 190

9.7 Lightning protection for viaducts 191

9.8 Lightning protection LV equipment - open route 193

9.9 Lightning protection LV systems - railway buildings 194

9.10 Lightning protection for traction units 198

9.1 1 Lightning hazard safety assessment 199

Section 10 Earthing and bonding at AC/DC interfaces 203

10.1 AC/DC interfaces 203

10.2 Interfaces between different electrification systems 203

10.3 Interfaces and project programme risks 205

10.4 Interfaces and interaction zones 206

10.5 Protective provision at AC/DC interfaces 208

10.6 DC electrification - interference to AC railways 209

10.7 AC electrification - interference to DC railways 211

10.8 Adjacent AC/DC railways - specific requirements 213

10.9 Dual voltage operation of trains 219

Section 11 Safe working during maintenance, renewal and decommissioning 231

11.1 Electrical safety requirements 231

11.2 Prevention of death or injury 231

11.3 Earthing and bonding - life cycle 231

11.4 Earthing the traction return circuit 232

11.5 Switching off supplies and isolation 232

11.6 Earthing - functional requirements 235

11.7 Procedural arrangement for electrical isolation and limits of working 237

11.8 Maintenance and inspection of earthing and bonding 241

11.9 Maintenance and renewal of electrical equipment 243

11.10 Decommissioned equipment 244

Appendix A: Definitions and abbreviations 245

Appendix B: Regulations and standards 253

Index 261

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