Advances in the Toxicity of Construction and Building Materials, Edition 2022 (PDF)

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About the book:

Publisher: Woodhead Publishing

Authors: Fernando Pacheco-Torgal & 2 more.

Place of Publication: United Kingdom

Pages: 333

Edition: 2022

Language: English

Size: 19Mb

Content:

List of contributors xi

1 Introduction to advances in the toxicity of construction and building materials 1

Fernando Pacheco-Torgal

1.1 COVID-19, the toxicity of construction and building materials and the need for healthy built environments 1

1.2 Outline of the book 4

References 6

PART I Indoor Air Contaminants 9

2 Assessment of hazardous compounds in building materials accumulated by the action of the atmospheric pollution 11

Nagore Prieto-Taboada, Gorka Arana and Juan Manuel Madariaga

2.1 Atmospheric pollution and building materials: general knowledge 11

2.2 Urban-industrial buildings 14

2.3 Analysis of hazardous pollutant in building materials 16

2.3.1 Spectroscopic techniques for nondestructive analysis 17

2.3.2 Quantitative analysis of the accumulated pollutants 19

2.4 Conclusion 25

Acknowledgment 26

References 26

3 Toxicity of semivolatile organic compounds 33

Kenichi Azuma and Hideto Jinno

3.1 Semivolatile organic compounds in indoor environments 33

3.2 The emission of semivolatile organic compounds from building materials and consumer products 35

3.3 Exposure to semivolatile organic compounds emitted from building materials and consumer products 36

3.4 Health risk from exposure to semivolatile organic compounds 38

3.4.1 Multiroute and multimedia exposure (that is, aggregate exposure) to semivolatile organic compounds 40

3.4.2 Multiple exposure (that is, combined exposure) to indoor pollutants and the combined health effects 44

3.5 Conclusions and recommendations 49

References 49

4 Volatile organic compound emissions in building materials 55

Xiaojun Zhou

4.1 Volatile organic compound emission model of building materials 55

4.1.1 Single-phase mass transfer model 55

4.1.2 Porous media mass transfer model 59

4.2 VOC emission characteristic parameters of building materials 61

4.2.1 The diffusion coefficient 61

4.2.2 The partition coefficient 63

4.2.3 The initial emittable concentration 65

4.2.4 Multiparameter experimental measurement method 68

4.3 The control methods of building materials VOC emissions 69

4.3.1 Air purification 70

4.3.2 Dilution ventilation 70

4.3.3 Source control 71

4.4 Conclusion 73

References 73

Further reading 77

PART II Fire Toxicity of Building Materials 79

5 Toxicity of toxic gases emitted during a fire and ventilation 81

Jerzy Andrzej Gałaj and Damian Saleta

5.1 Introduction 81

5.2 Toxicity of products emitted during fire and hazard to humans 84

5.2.1 General information 84

5.2.2 Parameters for assessing the toxicity of decomposition and combustion products 84

5.2.3 The impact of toxic gases emitted during a fire on humans 87

5.3 Impact of ventilation on the toxicity of the fire environment 90

5.3.1 Theoretical background 90

5.3.2 Results of fire experiments 95

5.4 Conclusions and final remarks 112

References 113

6 Flame-retardant wood plastic composites 117

Chunxiang Ding and De-Yi Wang

6.1 Introduction 117

6.2 Combustion process of wood plastic composites 118

6.3 Fire retardant chemicals in wood plastic composites 119

6.3.1 Metal-containing compounds 119

6.3.2 Phosphorus-containing compounds 120

6.3.3 Boron-containing compounds 121

6.3.4 Silicon-containing compounds 123

6.3.5 Carbon-containing compounds 126

6.3.6 Other treatments 129

6.4 Conclusion 131

References 132

7 Fire behavior of sandwich panels with different cores 137

Maciej Celi ´ nski, Kamila Sałasi ´ nska, Kamila Mizera and

Paweł Kozikowski

7.1 Introduction: construction of sandwich panels 137

7.1.1 Steel sheets and coating 137

7.1.2 Core types 138

7.1.3 Thermal conductivity of sandwich panels 140

7.2 Thermal stability and flammability of sandwich panels 142

7.2.1 Thermal stability 143

7.2.2 Burning behavior of sandwich panel cores 153

7.3 Flame retardants 162

7.4 Concluding remarks 166

Acknowledgments 167

References 167

8 Natural radioactivity in cement 171

Semih Nemlioglu, Naim Sezgin and Bilge Ozdogan Cumali

8.1 Natural radioactivity and sources 171

8.2 Cement 173

8.2.1 Raw materials and production process 174

8.2.2 Cement classification 175

8.3 Natural radioactivity of cement and cement raw materials 177

8.3.1 Natural radionuclides activity and radiological parameters 178

8.4 Results and discussion 181

8.4.1 Radionuclides activity and calculated radiological parameters in cement raw materials 181

8.4.2 Radionuclides activity and radiological parameters in cement types 189

8.5 Conclusion 190

References 201

Further reading 206

9 Coal bottom ash natural radioactivity in building materials 207

Miguel A´ngel Sanjua´n

9.1 Introduction 207

9.2 Coal as source of ashes 209

9.3 Coal bottom ash as constituent of construction materials 211

9.4 Coal bottom ash as sand replacement in concrete 212

9.5 Coal bottom ash as pozzolanic addition in Portland cement 212

9.6 Radioactivity in building materials made with coal bottom ash 213

9.7 Conclusion 218

References 219

Further reading 224

10 Recycling of radioactive phosphogypsum wastes 225

Yelizaveta Chernysh

10.1 Introduction: environmental problems of phosphogypsum accumulation 225

10.2 Composition of phosphogypsum of different genesis and its physical and chemical characteristics 226

10.2.1 Effect of phosphates on the properties of the binder 226

10.2.2 Effect of fluorine compounds on the properties of the binder 226

10.2.3 Effect of radiation contamination of phosphogypsum 228

10.3 Current trends in phosphogypsum waste management processes 229

10.4 Visualization of clusters of directions in phosphogypsum waste management 232

References 237

PART III Toxicity of Metals, Asbestos and of Waste Reuse 241

11 Lead-based construction and building materials: human exposure, risk, and risk control 243

Shakhawat Chowdhury

11.1 Introduction 243

11.2 Lead exposure 243

11.3 Lead toxicity 244

11.4 Methodology for risk assessment of lead exposure 245

11.4.1 Identification of lead-based construction and building materials 246

11.4.2 Exposure analysis 246

11.4.3 Risk characterization 247

11.5 Results and discussions 249

11.5.1 Lead-based construction and building materials 249

11.5.2 Exposure and risk characterization 251

11.6 Conclusions 254

Acknowledgments 255

References 255

12 Demolition waste contaminated with asbestos 261

Nadezda Stevulova, Adriana Estokova, Marian Holub and Eva Singovszka

12.1 Introduction 261

12.2 Predemolition audit 262

12.3 Asbestos material present in the building materials 262

12.3.1 Asbestos properties 262

12.3.2 Asbestos-cement materials and products 263

12.3.3 Methods for detecting of the asbestos 264

12.4 Risk of asbestos dust during reconstruction and demolition 265

12.4.1 Health effects and toxicity of asbestos fibers 265

12.4.2 Monitoring the airborne asbestos concentrations and exposure limit 268

12.5 Case study 269

12.5.1 Process of removal the asbestos-cement materials 269

12.5.2 Characterization of asbestos demolition waste 270

12.5.3 Monitoring of airborne asbestos particles indoors during deconstruction of ACMs 271

12.6 Conclusion 277

References 277

13 Recycling and reuse of bottom ashes from municipal solid-waste incineration plants in building materials 285

Adriano Michael Bernardin

13.1 Introduction 285

13.2 Characteristics of ashes from the combustion of municipal solid wastes 286

13.3 Waste to energy and recovery of valuable metals from municipal solid-waste incineration bottom ashes 289

13.4 Toxicity of municipal solid-waste incineration bottom ashes 289

13.5 Recycling and reuse of municipal solid-waste incineration bottom ashes in building materials 291

13.5.1 Replacement of ordinary Portland cement in mortars and concretes 291

13.5.2 Production of synthetic and lightweight aggregates 292

13.5.3 Cement mixes and asphalt concretes for road pavements 292

13.5.4 3D printable concretes 293

13.5.5 Filling material for geotextiles 293

13.5.6 Synthesis of mesoporous silica 293

13.5.7 Manufacturing of ceramic tiles and glasses 293

13.5.8 Alkali-activated materials 294

13.6 Future trends on the use of municipal solid-waste incineration bottom ashes in Europe 294

13.7 Final remarks 295

References 295

14 Leaching of concrete with mine tailings 299

Obinna Onuaguluchi, Shubham Jain and Nemkumar Banthia

14.1 Introduction 299

14.1.1 Background 299

14.2 Overview of mine tailings characteristics 300

14.3 Overview of leaching mechanisms and leaching test methods 304

14.3.1 Background on the leaching mechanisms 305

14.3.2 Leaching test methods 305

14.4 Toxic metal immobilization mechanisms in cement and alkali-activated matrices 312

14.5 Factors influencing the leaching of toxic metals from cement composites 316

14.5.1 Matrix microstructure 316

14.5.2 Exposure environment 316

14.5.3 Surface-to-volume ratio 317

14.6 Long-term durability related concerns for mine tailings-blended composites 317

14.7 Conclusions 320

References 320

Index 329

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